Three Buddhas of the Three Directions in Han Chinese Buddhism

The Three Buddhas of the Three Directions (三方佛) represent a unique doctrinal and spatial framework in Han Chinese Buddhism, symbolizing the cosmic reach of Buddhist teachings across different purified lands. This triad comprises:

1. Medicine Buddha (Bhaiṣajyaguru, 药师佛)
– Direction: East, presiding over the Lapis Lazuli Pure Land.
– Role: Embodies healing and liberation from physical and mental suffering. Often depicted holding a medicinal bowl, his vows emphasize overcoming illness and granting longevity.

2. Shakyamuni Buddha (释迦牟尼佛)
– Direction: Center, governing the Sahā World (our current realm).
– Role: The historical Buddha who expounded the Dharma. His earth-touching gesture (Bhumisparsha Mudra) signifies enlightenment and triumph over delusion.

3. Amitabha Buddha (阿弥陀佛)
– Direction: West, ruling the Sukhavati Pure Land (Ultimate Bliss).
– Role: Grants rebirth in his paradise through sincere recitation of his name. Depicted in meditation or with a welcoming gesture, symbolizing salvation for devotees.

Doctrinal Significance
This triad reflects the Mahayana ideal of universal salvation:
– Medicine Buddha addresses present-life afflictions.
– Shakyamuni guides ethical and meditative practice in the mundane world.
– Amitabha promises transcendence to a perfected realm.

In Han Buddhist temples, the triad is often enshrined together, with Shakyamuni at the center flanked by the other two, embodying the harmony of immediate and ultimate goals. Their combined worship illustrates the integration of Confucian pragmatism (focus on worldly well-being) and Daoist transcendence (quest for immortality), adapted into a Buddhist framework.